Riots: Manuscript and Blog

Ladies and gentlemen, welcome. I am †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. , a politically active student. The Mayor of London has invited me, to give a speech about riots in London. I would also talk about what we can do to prevent a similar incident. As mentioned, my speech today will mainly be about riots and some several reasons for that. Moreover, I will give some suggestions about what we can do to prevent the riots. I will focus on what the society can do to solve this situation. I will also speech about what the parents and the teachers’ can do for keep the children out of the riots.If some of you don’t know what riots are. I can tell you that it is a form of civil disorder which is characterized by groups how lashing out in a rash of violence against authority, property or people. The riots start on August the 4th, because a policeman killed an Afro-Caribbean man. His family has decided to stage a peaceful protest but it ended out of control. The traffic was diverted and people start ed crashing, smashing and looting. For many people, it was a staggering situations and completely unrealistic. The big question is:† What are the reasons for riots?†The protest for the Afro-Caribbean man was just an opportunity to show their dissatisfaction for the society. Big parts of the population are talking about how the policemen were not able to stop the criminality from vandalising and stealing. The word about riots was spread to South London. Due to this change of area, it is clearly that they have entirely different motives from here on. People all over London have begun to make different sorts of riots. The motive for many of the criminals became â€Å"making money, pure terror, havoc and free stuff†.We can conclude that these different episodes with riots have nothing to do with each other. Experts are discussing what the motives are. They have formed some theories about the motives and the most mentioned arguments are: unemployment, poverty and gang related crime. There are kids down to an age of 9 how robbed homes, stores and businesses. Among the youngest riots are kids who are looking for a rush. The main argument for riots is that it has something to do with unemployment. Unemployment results in poverty.Many people have tendencies to compare themselves with the community and therefore want the lower class to keep up with the middle and higher class. By use of riots has the lower class seen an opportunity to make money to gain a position in the middleclass. The lower classes are blaming the high class for their criminality, because the poor are unhappy with the balance between themselves and the rich part of their country. The youth unemployment rate is low, which result in that 1 out of 5 are not in work.The university are more expensive than ever, and that is the reasons why some of the young people lose hope for the higher education. The young people are unhappy with their present situation. They are getting more disenfra nchised, so they have to be heard. In previous times was it the black people who were victimized, but today it is the young people. The young people make riots, as an excuse to show their dissatisfaction with the society. The motive for the young people to make riots is to be a part of something bigger.Many have seen that the majority of the spotted participants in the riots are between the age of 14 and 18. Most of the people in London, who participate in the riots, are doing it because everybody else is doing it. They persuade each other by means of text message. Many of the riots have occurred as a result of the extreme use of the social media. A new problem is that they also use a Blackberry to spread the word, which involve that the communication is hidden from the police. We have to stop this young people and help them to behave in a better way.If they are old enough to make the crime, they are old enough to face the consequents. There are no correct answers to prevent new rio ts, but we know the reasons for these riots and the problems in the society. We cannot eliminate the inequality, it is impossible, but we can try to reduce it. We have to keep together and try to save our society. We have to protect the children from the criminality and help the family’s how have problem at home. The parents have to take a responsibility and be role models. The police have to take effect immediately and show that this behaviour will not be tolerated.They have to arrest the people how make riots, so they not keep on with the crime. More than 1200 of the rioters have already been arrested. Due to the modern technology, many of the participants have had their image caught, which means that they will be arrested later. In the future need the police a system, so they can find out what the people are encouraging encourage each other and make plans for illegal actions. The government have reduced the charge for the university so the young people have money enough fo r going in school and don’t make crime.A man called David Cameron promised that everyone would survive the current situation. He has 4 importing areas of focus: Rewards hard work Get more discipline in schools. A criminal justice system. Take care of the disrupted families. There are multiple reasons for riots, and we have to stop the riots trend. It is not only the parents, schools, police and sociality how should fight for a better country. We have to stick together and all try to stop the riots. If you know someone with problems, then try to bring them to senses. A society with out riots is a better place for all.

Chapter 19 The Servant of Lord Voldemort

Hermione screamed. Black leapt to his feet. Harry felt as though he'd received a huge electric shock. â€Å"I found this at the base of the Whomping Willow,† said Snape, throwing the cloak aside, careful to keep this wand pointing directly at Lupin's chest. â€Å"Very useful, Potter, I thank you†¦.† Snape was slightly breathless, but his face was full of suppressed triumph. â€Å"You're wondering, perhaps, how I knew you were here?† he said, his eyes glittering. â€Å"I've just been to your office, Lupin. You forgot to take your potion tonight, so I took a gobletful along. And very lucky I did†¦lucky for me, I mean. Lying on your desk was a certain map. One glance at it told me all I needed to know. I saw you running along this passageway and out of sight.† â€Å"Severus –† Lupin began, but Snape overrode him. â€Å"I've told the headmaster again and again that you're helping your old friend Black into the castle, Lupin, and here's the proof. Not even I dreamed you would have the nerve to use this old place as your hideout –â€Å" â€Å"Severus, you're making a mistake,† said Lupin urgently. â€Å"You haven't heard everything — I can explain — Sirius is not here to kill Harry –â€Å" â€Å"Two more for Azkaban tonight,† said Snape, his eyes now gleaming fanatically. â€Å"I shall be interested to see how Dumbledore takes this†¦He was quite convinced you were harmless, you know, Lupin†¦a tame werewolf –â€Å" â€Å"You fool,† said Lupin softly. â€Å"Is a schoolboy grudge worth putting an innocent man back inside Azkaban?† BANG! Thin, snakelike cords burst from the end of Snape's wand and twisted themselves around Lupin's mouth, wrists, and ankles; he overbalanced and fell to the floor, unable to move. With a roar of rage, Black started toward Snape, but Snape pointed his wand straight between Black's eyes. â€Å"Give me a reason,† he whispered. â€Å"Give me a reason to do it, and I swear I will.† Black stopped dead. It would have been impossible to say which face showed more hatred. Harry stood there, paralyzed, not knowing what to do or whom to believe. He glanced around at Ron and Hermione. Ron looked just as confused as he did, still fighting to keep hold on the struggling Scabbers. Hermione, however, took an uncertain step toward Snape and said, in a very breathless voice, â€Å"Professor Snape — it wouldn't hurt to hear what they've got to say, w-would it?† â€Å"Miss Granger, you are already facing suspension from this school,† Snape spat. â€Å"You, Potter, and Weasley are out-of-bounds, in the company of a convicted murderer and a werewolf. For once in your life, hold your tongue.† â€Å"But if — if there was a mistake –â€Å" â€Å"KEEP QUIET, YOU STUPID GIRL!† Snape shouted, looking suddenly quite deranged. â€Å"DON'T TALK ABOUT WHAT YOU DON'T UNDERSTAND!† A few sparks shot out of the end of his wand, which was still pointed at Black's face. Hermione fell silent. â€Å"Vengeance is very sweet,† Snape breathed at Black. â€Å"How I hoped I would be the one to catch you†¦.† â€Å"The joke's on you again, Severus,† Black snarled. â€Å"As long as this boy brings his rat up to the castle† — he jerked his head at Ron — â€Å"I'll come quietly†¦.† â€Å"Up to the castle?† said Snape silkily. â€Å"I don't think we need to go that far. All I have to do is call the Dementors once we get out of the Willow. They'll be very pleased to see you, Black†¦pleased enough to give you a little kiss, I daresay†¦I –â€Å" What little color there was in Black's face left it. â€Å"You -you've got to hear me out,† he croaked. â€Å"The rat — look at the rat –â€Å" But there was a mad glint in Snape's eyes that Harry had never seen before. He seemed beyond reason. â€Å"Come on, all of you,† he said. He clicked his fingers, and the ends of the cords that bound Lupin flew to his hands. â€Å"I'll drag the werewolf. Perhaps the Dementors will have a kiss for him too –â€Å" Before he knew what he was doing, Harry had crossed the room in three strides and blocked the door. â€Å"Get out of the way, Potter, you're in enough trouble already,† snarled Snape. â€Å"If I hadn't been here to save your skin –â€Å" â€Å"Professor Lupin could have killed me about a hundred times this year,† Harry said. â€Å"I've been alone with him loads of times, having defense lessons against the Dementors. If he was helping Black, why didn't he just finish me off then?† â€Å"Don't ask me to fathom the way a werewolf's mind works,† hissed Snape. â€Å"Get out of the way, Potter.† â€Å"YOU'RE PATHETIC!† Harry yelled. â€Å"JUST BECAUSE THEY MADE A FOOL OF YOU AT SCHOOL YOU WON'T EVEN LISTEN –â€Å" â€Å"SILENCE! I WILL NOT BE SPOKEN TO LIKE THAT!† Snape shrieked, looking madder than ever. â€Å"Like father, like son, Potter! I have just saved your neck; you should be thanking me on bended knee! You would have been well served if he'd killed you! You'd have died like your father, too arrogant to believe you might be mistaken in Black — now get out of the way, or I will make you. GET OUT OF THE WAY, POTTER!† Harry made up his mind in a split second. Before Snape could take even one step toward him, he had raised his wand. â€Å"Expelliarmus!† he yelled — except that his wasn't the only voice that shouted. There was a blast that made the door rattle on its hinges; Snape was lifted off his feet and slammed into the wall, then slid down it to the floor, a trickle of blood oozing from under his hair. He had been knocked out. Harry looked around. Both Ron and Hermione had tried to disarm Snape at exactly the same moment. Snape's wand soared in a high arc and landed on the bed next to Crookshanks. â€Å"You shouldn't have done that,† said Black, looking at Harry. â€Å"You should have left him to me†¦.† Harry avoided Black's eyes. He wasn't sure, even now, that he'd done the right thing. â€Å"We attacked a teacher†¦We attacked a teacher†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hermione whimpered, staring at the lifeless Snape with frightened eyes. â€Å"Oh, we're going to be in so much trouble –â€Å" Lupin was struggling against his bonds. Black bent down quickly and untied him. Lupin straightened up, rubbing his arms where the ropes had cut into them. â€Å"Thank you, Harry,† he said. â€Å"I'm still not saying I believe you,† he told Lupin. â€Å"Then it's time we offered you some proof,† said Lupin. â€Å"You, boy — give me Peter, please. Now.† Ron clutched Scabbers closer to his chest. â€Å"Come off it,† he said weakly. â€Å"Are you trying to say he broke out of Azkaban just to get his hands on Scabbers? I mean†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He looked up at Harry and Hermione for support, â€Å"Okay, say Pettigrew could turn into a rat — there are millions of rats — how's he supposed to know which one he is after if he was locked up in Azkaban?† â€Å"You know, Sirius, that's a fair question,† said Lupin, turning to Black and frowning slightly. â€Å"How did you find out where he was?† Black put one of his claw-like hands inside his robes and took out a crumpled piece of paper, which he smoothed flat and held out to show the others. It was the photograph of Ron and his family that had appeared in the Daily Prophet the previous summer, and there, on Ron's shoulder, was Scabbers. â€Å"How did you get this?† Lupin asked Black, thunderstruck. â€Å"Fudge,† said Black. â€Å"When he came to inspect Azkaban last year, he gave me his paper. And there was Peter, on the front page on this boy's shoulder†¦I knew him at once†¦how many times had I seen him transform? And the caption said the boy would be going back to Hogwarts†¦to where Harry was†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"My God,† said Lupin softly, staring from Scabbers to the picture in the paper and back again. â€Å"His front paw†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"What about it?† said Ron defiantly. â€Å"He's got a toe missing,† said Black. â€Å"Of course,† Lupin breathed. â€Å"So simple†¦so brilliant†¦he cut it off himself?† â€Å"Just before he transformed,† said Black. â€Å"When I cornered him, he yelled for the whole street to hear that I'd betrayed Lily and James. Then, before I could curse him, he blew apart the street with the wand behind his back, killed everyone within twenty feet of himself — and sped down into the sewer with the other rats†¦.† â€Å"Didn't you ever hear, Ron?† said Lupin. â€Å"The biggest bit of Peter they found was his finger.† â€Å"Look, Scabbers probably had a fight with another rat or something! He's been in my family for ages, right –â€Å" â€Å"Twelve years, in fact,† said Lupin. â€Å"Didn't you ever wonder why he was living so long?† â€Å"We — we've been taking good care of him!† said Ron. â€Å"Not looking too good at the moment, though, is he?† said Lupin. â€Å"I'd guess he's been losing weight ever since he heard Sirius was on the loose again†¦.† â€Å"He's been scared of that mad cat!† said Ron, nodding toward Crookshanks, who was still purring on the bed. But that wasn't right, Harry thought suddenly†¦Scabbers had been looking ill before he met Crookshanks†¦ ever since Ron's return from Egypt†¦since the time when Black had escaped†¦. â€Å"This cat isn't mad,† said Black hoarsely. He reached out a bony hand and stroked Crookshanks's fluffy head. â€Å"He's the most intelligent of his kind I've ever met. He recognized Peter for what he was right away. And when he met me, he knew I was no dog. It was a while before he trusted me†¦Finally, I managed to communicate to him what I was after, and he's been helping me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"What do you mean?† breathed Hermione. â€Å"He tried to bring Peter to me, but couldn't†¦so he stole the passwords into Gryffindor Tower for me†¦As I understand it, he took them from a boy's bedside table†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Harry's brain seemed to be sagging under the weight of what he was hearing. It was absurd†¦and yet†¦ â€Å"But Peter got wind of what was going on and ran for it.† croaked Black. â€Å"This cat — Crookshanks, did you call him? — told me Peter had left blood on the sheets†¦I supposed he bit himself†¦Well, faking his own death had worked once.† These words jolted Harry to his senses. â€Å"And why did he fake his death?† he said furiously. â€Å"Because he knew you were about to kill him like you killed my parents!† â€Å"No,† said Lupin, â€Å"Harry–â€Å" â€Å"And now you've come to finish him off!† â€Å"Yes, I have,† said Black, with an evil look at Scabbers. â€Å"Then I should've let Snape take you!† Harry shouted. â€Å"Harry,† said Lupin hurriedly, â€Å"don't you see? All this time we've thought Sirius betrayed your parents, and Peter tracked him down — but it was the other way around, don't you see? Peter betrayed your mother and father — Sirius tracked Peter down –â€Å" â€Å"THAT'S NOT TRUE!† Harry yelled. â€Å"HE WAS THEIR SECRET-KEEPER! HE SAID SO BEFORE YOU TURNED UP. HE SAID HE KILLED THEM!† He was pointing at Black, who shook his head slowly; the sunken eyes were suddenly over bright. â€Å"Harry†¦I as good as killed them,† he croaked. â€Å"I persuaded Lily and James to change to Peter at the last moment, persuaded them to use him as Secret-Keeper instead of me†¦I'm to blame, I know it†¦The night they died, I'd arranged to check on Peter, make sure he was still safe, but when I arrived at his hiding place, he'd gone. Yet there was no sign of a struggle. It didn't feel right. I was scared. I set out for your parents' house straight away. And when I saw their house, destroyed, and their bodies†¦I realized what Peter must've done†¦what I'd done†¦.† His voice broke. He turned away. â€Å"Enough of this,† said Lupin, and there was a steely note in his voice Harry had never heard before. â€Å"There's one certain way to prove what really happened. Ron, give me that rat.† â€Å"What are you going to do with him if I give him to you?† Ron asked Lupin tensely. â€Å"Force him to show himself,† said Lupin. â€Å"If he really is a rat, it won't hurt him.† Ron hesitated. Then at long last, he held out Scabbers and Lupin took him. Scabbers began to squeak without stopping, twisting and turning, his tiny black eyes bulging in his head. â€Å"Ready, Sirius?† said Lupin. Black had already retrieved Snape's wand from the bed. He approached Lupin and the struggling rat, and his wet eyes suddenly seemed to be burning in his face. â€Å"Together?† he said quietly. â€Å"I think so†, said Lupin, holding Scabbers tightly in one hand and his wand in the other. â€Å"On the count of three. One — two — THREE!† A flash of blue-white light erupted from both wands; for a moment, Scabbers was frozen in midair, his small gray form twisting madly — Ron yelled — the rat fell and hit the floor. There was another blinding flash of light and then — It was like watching a speeded-up film of a growing tree. A head was shooting upward from the ground; limbs were sprouting; a moment later, a man was standing where Scabbers had been, cringing and wringing his hands. Crookshanks was spitting and snarling on the bed; the hair on his back was standing up. He was a very short man, hardly taller than Harry and Hermione. His thin, colorless hair was unkempt and there was a large bald patch on top. He had the shrunken appearance of a plump man who has lost a lot of weight in a short time. His skin looked grubby, almost like Scabbers's fur, and something of the rat lingered around his pointed nose and his very small, watery eyes. He looked around at them all, his breathing fast and shallow. Harry saw his eyes dart to the door and back again. â€Å"Well, hello, Peter,† said Lupin pleasantly, as though rats frequently erupted into old school friends around him. â€Å"Long time, no see.† â€Å"S–Sirius†¦R–Remus†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Even Pettigrew's voice was squeaky. Again, his eyes darted toward the door. â€Å"My friends†¦my old friends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Black's wand arm rose, but Lupin seized him around the wrist, gave him a warning took, then turned again to Pettigrew, his voice light and casual. â€Å"We've been having a little chat, Peter, about what happened the night Lily and James died. You might have missed the finer points while you were squeaking around down there on the bed –â€Å" â€Å"Remus,† gasped Pettigrew, and Harry could see beads of sweat breaking out over his pasty face, â€Å"you don't believe him, do you†¦? He tried to kill me, Remus†¦.† â€Å"So we've heard,† said Lupin, more coldly. â€Å"I'd like to clear up one or two little matters with you, Peter, if you'll be so –â€Å" â€Å"He's come to try and kill me again!† Pettigrew squeaked suddenly, pointing at Black, and Harry saw that he used his middle finger, because his index was missing. â€Å"He killed Lily and James and now he's going to kill me too†¦You've got to help me, Remus†¦.† Black's face looked more skull-like than ever as he stared at Pettigrew with his fathomless eyes. â€Å"No one's going to try and kill you until we've sorted a few things out,† said Lupin. â€Å"Sorted things out?† squealed Pettigrew, looking wildly about him once more, eyes taking in the boarded windows and, again, the only door. â€Å"I knew he'd come after me! I knew he'd be back for me! I've been waiting for this for twelve years!† â€Å"You knew Sirius was going to break out of Azkaban?† said Lupin, his brow furrowed. â€Å"When nobody has ever done it before?† â€Å"He's got dark powers the rest of us can only dream of!† Pettigrew shouted shrilly. â€Å"How else did he get out of there? I suppose He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named taught him a few tricks!† Black started to laugh, a horrible, mirthless laugh that filled the whole room. â€Å"Voldemort, teach me tricks?† he said. Pettigrew flinched as though Black had brandished a whip at him. â€Å"What, scared to hear your old master's name?† said Black. â€Å"I don't blame you, Peter. His lot aren't very happy with you, are they?† â€Å"Don't know what you mean, Sirius –† muttered Pettigrew, his breathing faster than ever. His whole face was shining with sweat now. â€Å"You haven't been hiding from me for twelve years,† said Black. â€Å"You've been hiding from Voldemort's old supporters. I heard things in Azkaban, Peter†¦They all think you're dead, or you'd have to answer to them†¦I've heard them screaming all sorts of things in their sleep. Sounds like they think the double-crosser double-crossed them. Voldemort went to the Potters' on your information†¦and Voldemort met his downfall there. And not all Voldemort's supporters ended up in Azkaban, did they? There are still plenty out here, biding their time, pretending they've seen the error of their ways. If they ever got wind that you were still alive, Peter –â€Å" â€Å"Don't know†¦what you're talking about†¦Ã¢â‚¬  said Pettigrew again, more shrilly than ever. He wiped his face on his sleeve and looked up at Lupin. â€Å"You don't believe this — this madness, Remus –â€Å" â€Å"I must admit, Peter, I have difficulty in understanding why an innocent man would want to spend twelve years as a rat,† said Lupin evenly. â€Å"Innocent, but scared!† squealed Pettigrew. â€Å"If Voldemort's supporters were after me, it was because I put one of their best men in Azkaban — the spy, Sirius Black!† Black's face contorted. â€Å"How dare you,† he growled, sounding suddenly like the bearsized dog he had been. â€Å"I, a spy for Voldemort? When did I ever sneak around people who were stronger and more powerful than myself? But you, Peter — I'll never understand why I didn't see you were the spy from the start. You always liked big friends who'd look after you, didn't you? It used to be us†¦me and Remus†¦and James†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Pettigrew wiped his face again; he was almost panting for breath. â€Å"Me, a spy†¦must be out of your mind†¦never†¦don't know how you can say such a –â€Å" â€Å"Lily and James only made you Secret-Keeper because I suggested it,† Black hissed, so venomously that Pettigrew took a step backward. â€Å"I thought it was the perfect plan†¦a bluff†¦Voldemort would be sure to come after me, would never dream they'd use a weak, talentless thing like you†¦It must have been the finest moment of your miserable life, telling Voldemort you could hand him the Potters.† Pettigrew was muttering distractedly; Harry caught words like â€Å"far-fetched† and â€Å"lunacy,† but he couldn't help paying more attention to the ashen color of Pettigrew's face and the way his eyes continued to dart toward the windows and door. â€Å"Professor Lupin?† said Hermione timidly. â€Å"Can — can I say something?† â€Å"Certainly, Hermione,† said Lupin courteously. â€Å"Well — Scabbers — I mean, this — this man — he's been sleeping in Harry's dormitory for three years. If he's working for You-Know-Who, how come he never tried to hurt Harry before now?† â€Å"There!† said Pettigrew shrilly, pointing at Ron with his maimed hand. â€Å"Thank you! You see, Remus? I have never hurt a hair of Harry's head! Why should I?† â€Å"I'll tell you why,† said Black. â€Å"Because you never did anything for anyone unless you could see what was in it for you. Voldemort's been in hiding for fifteen years, they say he's half dead. You weren't about to commit murder right under Albus Dumbledore's nose, for a wreck of a wizard who'd lost all of his power, were you? You'd want to be quite sure he was the biggest bully in the playground before you went back to him, wouldn't you? Why else did you find a wizard family to take you in? Keeping an ear out for news, weren't you, Peter? Just in case your old protector regained strength, and it was safe to rejoin him†¦.† Pettigrew opened his mouth and closed it several times. He seemed to have lost the ability to talk. â€Å"Er — Mr. Black — Sirius?† said Hermione. Black jumped at being addressed like this and stared at Hermione as though he had never seen anything quite like her. â€Å"If you don't mind me asking, how — how did you get out of Azkaban, if you didn't use Dark Magic?† â€Å"Thank you!† gasped Pettigrew, nodding frantically at her. â€Å"Exactly! Precisely what I –â€Å" But Lupin silenced him with a look. Black was frowning slightly at Hermione, but not as though he were annoyed with her. He seemed to be pondering his answer. â€Å"I don't know how I did it,† he said slowly. â€Å"I think the only reason I never lost my mind is that I knew I was innocent. That wasn't a happy thought, so the Dementors couldn't suck it out of me†¦but it kept me sane and knowing who I am†¦helped me keep my powers†¦so when it all became†¦too much†¦I could transform in my cell†¦become a dog. Dementors can't see, you know†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He swallowed. â€Å"They feel their way toward people by feeding off their emotions†¦They could tell that my feelings were less — less human, less complex when I was a dog†¦but they thought, of course, that I was losing my mind like everyone else in there, so it didn't trouble them. But I was weak, very weak, and I had no hope of driving them away from me without a wand†¦.† â€Å"But then I saw Peter in that picture†¦I realized he was at Hogwarts with Harry†¦perfectly positioned to act, if one hint reached his ears that the Dark Side was gathering strength again†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Pettigrew was shaking his head, mouthing noiselessly, but staring all the while at Black as though hypnotized. â€Å"†¦ready to strike at the moment he could be sure of allies†¦and to deliver the last Potter to them. if he gave them Harry, who'd dare say he'd betrayed Lord Voldemort? He'd be welcomed back with honors†¦.† â€Å"So you see, I had to do something. I was the only one who knew Peter was still alive†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Harry remembered what Mr. Weasley had told Mrs. Wealsey. ‘The guards say he's been talking in his sleep†¦ always the same words†¦ ‘He's at Hogwarts.† â€Å"It was as if someone had lit a fire In my head, and the Dementors couldn't destroy it†¦It wasn't a happy feeling†¦it was an obsession†¦but it gave me strength, it cleared my mind. So, one night when they opened my door to bring food, I slipped past them as a dog†¦It's so much harder for them to sense animal emotions that they were confused†¦I was thin, very thin†¦thin enough to slip through the bars†¦I swam as a dog back to the mainland †¦I journeyed north and slipped into the Hogwarts grounds as a dog. I've been living in the forest ever since, except when I came to watch the Quidditch, of course. You fly as well as your father did, Harry†¦.† He looked at Harry, who did not look away. â€Å"Believe me,† croaked Black. â€Å"Believe me, Harry. I never betrayed James and Lily. I would have died before I betrayed them.† And at long last, Harry believed him. Throat too tight to speak, he nodded. â€Å"No!† Pettigrew had fallen to his knees as though Harry's nod had been his own death sentence. He shuffled forward on his knees, groveling, his hands clasped in front of him as though praying. â€Å"Sirius — it's me†¦it's Peter†¦your friend†¦you wouldn't –â€Å" Black kicked out and Pettigrew recoiled. â€Å"There's enough filth on my robes without you touching them,† said Black. â€Å"Remus!† Pettigrew squeaked, turning to Lupin instead, writhing imploringly in front of him. â€Å"You don't believe this — wouldn't Sirius have told you they'd changed the plan?† â€Å"Not if he thought I was the spy, Peter,† said Lupin. â€Å"I assume that's why you didn't tell me, Sirius?† he said casually over Pettigrew's head. â€Å"Forgive me, Remus,† said Black. â€Å"Not at all, Padfoot, old friend,† said Lupin, who was now rolling up his sleeves. â€Å"And will you, in turn, forgive me for believing you were the spy?† â€Å"Of course,† said Black, and the ghost of a grin flitted across his gaunt face. He, too, began rolling up his sleeves. â€Å"Shall we kill him together?† â€Å"Yes, I think so,† said Lupin grimly. â€Å"You wouldn't†¦you won't†¦Ã¢â‚¬  gasped Pettigrew. And he scrambled around to Ron. â€Å"Ron†¦haven't I been a good friend†¦a good pet? You won't let them kill me, Ron, will you†¦you're on my side, aren't you?† But Ron was staring at Pettigrew with the utmost revulsion. â€Å"I let you sleep in my bed!† he said. â€Å"Kind boy†¦kind master†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Pettigrew crawled toward Ron â€Å"You won't let them do it†¦I was your rat†¦I was a good pet†¦.† â€Å"If you made a better rat than a human, it's not much to boast about, Peter,† said Black harshly. Ron, going still paler with pain, wrenched his broken leg out of Pettigrew's reach. Pettigrew turned on his knees, staggered forward, and seized the hem of Hermione's robes. â€Å"Sweet girl†¦clever girl†¦you — you won't let them†¦Help me†¦.† Hermione pulled her robes out of Pettigrew's clutching hands and backed away against the wall, looking horrified. Pettigrew knelt, trembling uncontrollably, and turned his head slowly toward Harry. â€Å"Harry†¦Harry†¦you look just like your father†¦just like him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"HOW DARE YOU SPEAK TO HARRY?† roared Black. â€Å"HOW DARE YOU FACE HIM? HOW DARE YOU TALK ABOUT JAMES IN FRONT OF HIM?† â€Å"Harry,† whispered Pettigrew, shuffling toward him, hands outstretched. â€Å"Harry, James wouldn't have wanted me killed†¦James would have understood, Harry†¦he would have shown me mercy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Both Black and Lupin strode forward, seized Pettigrew's shoulders, and threw him backward onto the floor. He sat there, twitching with terror, staring up at them. â€Å"You sold Lily and James to Voldemort,† said Black, who was shaking too. â€Å"Do you deny it?† Pettigrew burst into tears. It was horrible to watch, like an oversized, balding baby, cowering on the floor. â€Å"Sirius, Sirius, what could I have done? The Dark Lord†¦you have no idea†¦he has weapons you can't imagine †¦I was scared, Sirius, I was never brave like you and Remus and James. I never meant it to happen†¦He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named forced me –â€Å" â€Å"DON'T LIE!† bellowed Black. â€Å"YOU'D BEEN PASSING INFORMATION TO HIM FOR A YEAR BEFORE LILY AND JAMES DIED! YOU WERE HIS SPY!† â€Å"He — he was taking over everywhere!† gasped Pettigrew. â€Å"Wh-what was there to be gained by refusing him?† â€Å"What was there to be gained by fighting the most evil wizard who has ever existed?† said Black, with a terrible fury in his face. â€Å"Only innocent lives, Peter!† â€Å"You don't understand!† whined Pettigrew. â€Å"He would have killed me, Sirius!† â€Å"THEN YOU SHOULD HAVE DIED!† roared Black. â€Å"DIED RATHER THAN BETRAY YOUR FRIENDS, AS WE WOULD HAVE DONE FOR YOU!† Black and Lupin stood shoulder to shoulder, wands raised. â€Å"You should have realized,† said Lupin quietly, â€Å"if Voldemort didn't kill you, we would. Good-bye, Peter.† Hermione covered her face with her hands and turned to the wall. â€Å"NO!† Harry yelled. He ran forward, placing himself in front Pettigrew, facing the wands. â€Å"You can't kill him,† he said breathlessly. â€Å"You can't.† Black and Lupin both looked staggered. â€Å"Harry, this piece of vermin is the reason you have no parents,† Black snarled. â€Å"This cringing bit of filth would have seen you die too, without turning a hair. You heard him. His own stinking skin meant more to him than your whole family.† â€Å"I know,† Harry panted. â€Å"We'll take him up to the castle. We'll hand him over to the Dementors†¦He can go to Azkaban†¦but don't kill him.† â€Å"Harry!† gasped Pettigrew, and he flung his arms around Harry's knees. â€Å"You — thank you — it's more than I deserve — thank you –â€Å" â€Å"Get off me,† Harry spat, throwing Pettigrew's hands off him in disgust. â€Å"I'm not doing this for you. I'm doing it because — I don't reckon my dad would've wanted them to become killers — just for you.† No one moved or made a sound except Pettigrew, whose breath was coming in wheezes as he clutched his chest. Black and Lupin were looking at each other. Then, with one movement, they lowered their wands. â€Å"You're the only person who has the right to decide, Harry,† said Black. â€Å"But think†¦ think what he did†¦.† â€Å"He can go to Azkaban,† Harry repeated. â€Å"If anyone deserves that place, he does†¦.† Pettigrew was still wheezing behind him. â€Å"Very well,† said Lupin. â€Å"Stand aside, Harry.† Harry hesitated. â€Å"I'm going to tie him up,† said Lupin. â€Å"That's all, I swear.† Harry stepped out of the way. Thin cords shot from Lupin's wand this time, and next moment, Pettigrew was wriggling on the floor, bound and gagged. â€Å"But if you transform, Peter,† growled Black, his own wand pointing at Pettigrew too, â€Å"we will kill you. You agree, Harry?† Harry looked down at the pitiful figure on the floor and nodded so that Pettigrew could see him. â€Å"Right,† said Lupin, suddenly businesslike. â€Å"Ron, I can't mend bones nearly as well as Madam Pomfrey, so I think it's best if we just strap your leg up until we can get you to the hospital wing.† He hurried over to Ron, bent down, tapped Ron's leg with his wand, and muttered, â€Å"Ferula.† Bandages spun up Ron's leg, strapping it tightly to a splint. Lupin helped him to his feet; Ron put his weight gingerly on the leg and didn't wince. â€Å"That's better,† he said. â€Å"Thanks.† â€Å"What about Professor Snape?† said Hermione in a small voice, looking down at Snape's prone figure. â€Å"There's nothing seriously wrong with him,† said Lupin, bending over Snape and checking his pulse. â€Å"You were just a little — overenthusiastic. Still out cold. Er — perhaps it will be best if we don't revive him until we're safety back in the castle. We can take him like this†¦.† He muttered, â€Å"Mobilicorpus.† As though invisible strings were tied to Snape's wrists, neck, and knees, he was pulled into a standing position, head still lolling unpleasantly, like a grotesque puppet. He hung a few inches above the ground, his limp feet dangling. Lupin picked up the Invisibility Cloak and tucked it safely into his pocket. â€Å"And two of us should be chained to this,† said Black, nudging Pettigrew with his toe. â€Å"Just to make sure.† â€Å"I'll do it,† said Lupin. â€Å"And me,† said Ron savagely, limping forward. Black conjured heavy manacles from thin air; soon Pettigrew was upright again, left arm chained to Lupin's right, right arm to Ron's left. Ron's face was set. He seemed to have taken Scabbers's true identity as a personal insult. Crookshanks leapt lightly off the bed and led the way out of the room, his bottlebrush tail held jauntily high.

Sci/256 Environmental Pollution Outline

Environmental Pollution Outline Jason D Windham SCI/256 November-26-2012 University Of Phoenix Environmental Pollution Outline Water management- developing various plans to maintain the present and future water demands. It also may include importing state water, developing new resources, using reclaimed water, and managing existing supplies more cautiously. Describe water management and use. Freshwater sources- Is water from the earth surface using glaciers, bogs, ice caps, ponds, lakes, streams and rivers Water supply problems-The demand for water increases yearly.Water conservation-The carful use and protection of the water supply. Water use-Off stream is water used from its source such as rivers and stream. Then you have Consumptive using which is the use from off stream by plants and animals. Next there is the in-stream usage which is the use of rivers for navigation, hydroelectric power generation, fish and animal habitats and also recreation. Effects of water use and management practices on the environment Short-term effects- Long-term effects- It’s really is a major concern due to climate change of the earth it can be uncertain.Three major types of environmental pollution- Water pollution , Air Pollution, Land Pollution Identify type one. Causes Treatments Effects on ecosystem health Effects on human health Identify type two. Causes Treatments Effects on ecosystem health Effects on human health Identify type three. Causes Treatments Effects on ecosystem health Effects on human health Global warming Background Describe the Earth’s atmosphere. Describe the Earth’s energy budget. Global warming concepts What makes the Earth warm? – Explain the greenhouse effect. What natural greenhouse gases are associated with the greenhouse effect?What anthropogenic greenhouse gases contribute to global warming? The future Predicted climate, weather, and ocean changes of increased global warming Potential environmental, ecological, and societal effects from increased global warming Evidence that supports or refutes increased global warming predictions and effects Prevention How might global warming be mitigated? What can you do to decrease the effects of global warming? What political constraints might influence decisions on global warming? As a global society, how can nations and individuals influence policies and practices to mitigate for increased global warming?

Fire Station Case Study Research Essay

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research study would not be possible without the help of these people in making this research a success. The researchers family and parents who supported them emotionally and financially throughout since day one until the research is completed. For showing their unfailing support, for understanding the researchers and for believing in their skills and capabilities. The researchers would also like to thank the graduate library and electronic library of Far Eastern University for allowing them to use their materials and resources such as books, thesis projects and computers that really helped the researchers for their case study. The researchers would also like to thank their professor Architect Toni Nardo who helped them throughout this whole study, for being a considerate and kind hearted professor who is always there for her students, to support and check on their improvements and for always sharing her opinion and life experiences about this certain topic which makes the researchers eager to fulfil this research. The researchers would also like to thank their friends who were also there to support, give advices and information that really helped the group. They never fail to cheer them up and show their outmost support especially in bad times. Last but not the least, to our Almighty Father God, who created and brought life in this world, who created all things beautiful, who will forever be the reason of our existence, a supportive friend, a loving father, a God who guide, love and support us no matter what we’re going through, for giving us strength and blessing of intelligence for us to use in this research, for helping the researchers make this research a success. The researchers would like to dedicate this study to their family, most especially to their parents who have given them full support in this case study research. May the almighty God bless them for their kind heart and loving gesture that is very much appreciated by the researchers. ABSTRACT We all know that a fire station is a structure with areas set aside for storage of fire fighting apparatus such as fire engines and related vehicles, personal protective equipment, fire hoses and other specialized equipment. It may also have dormitory living facilities and work areas for the use of fire fighters. Living areas are sometimes arranged above the garage bays where personnel without specific station duties during the night shift are allowed to sleep unless a dispatch is called. In that situation, fire fighters may have special means to allow entry to the ground floor quickly when a call for help is received, such as sliding down a brass pole called a fireman’s pole. This arrangement also allows for a raised area to hang hoses to dry to prevent damage. In a single story station, a tower-like structure is sometimes used for hose hanging. An occupied station will usually have a station alarm system for receiving and annunciating an alarm, and indications of where and what caused the alarm. However, sometimes the only â€Å"alarm† is a telephone that is rung in case of emergency. In a more structured operation, full-time or on-call volunteer or career fire fighters staff the station some or all of the time. There may be office space for the officers, a library of reference and other materials, and a â€Å"trophy wall† or case where the fire fighters display memorabilia. Activities in a fire station include regular inspection and cleaning of the apparatus and equipment, and continuing education in the fire service. Weekly or bi-weekly routine typically includes various drills in which fire fighters practice their skills. Some fire companies also host public activities at the fire station during annual â€Å"fire prevention week† In our case, we will be designing a first class fire station which means, this fire station will contain all of the necessary equipment and apparatus. Also, it will contain all of the necessary and additional space areas such  as recreational area, different offices, living, dining and kitchen areas, library, training area, etc. We are planning to design a fire station that has modern aesthetics that will give a positive impression to us as the designers. Good function of our space program is also what we’re striving, for which this is a fire station, and it needs great planning of spaces mostly in case of emergencies and easy access of the fire trucks to the outside. We are really striving to design an image that would automatically determine that our structure is considered as first class. We will implement in our design the usage of glass which implies modern era and it will help the staff inside the building to be aware on their surroundings outside. PART I: OCULAR INSPECTION Summary of Findings After searching for good fire stations around Metro Manila, we decided to go to these three fire stations: Makati, Intramuros and San Lazaro City. We took pictures of ourselves at the faà §ade of each fire station as soon as we arrived there. First, went to Makati City fire station. As soon as we arrived, the area was filled with citizens of Makati because the area was used as substitute place where the people will register for voting, so it wasn’t the perfect timing but we still continued to go on with our ocular inspection despite the crowd. Makati Central Fire Station was huge. The area is given big amount of spaces for the apparatus bay. We also noticed that the alignment of the apparatus bay was diagonal for more convenience and easy way out. Before we entered the fire station for inquiries and interviews, we went to measure the height, length and width of the different fire trucks such as the ladder fire trucks and the usual fire trucks to have an idea on what is their standard measurements. We also measured the emergency ambulance vehicles and the whole space area allotted for their apparatus bay. We observed and analysed the whole fire station including on how the spaces of different areas are divided and used. After that, we already went inside to have an interview with whoever officer is  available and appropriate for our questioning. Luckily, the city fire marshal was available. The city fire marshal of Makati is Supt. Ricardo C. Perdigon, he is very kind and welcoming. First, he answered each of our questions very precisely with an open mind and a lot of examples to broaden our perspectives and ideas in that field. He showed examples and different brochures from different countries about the modern fire stations that are designed and used these days. He explained and discussed different techniques and required spaces to use in a fire station. He showed different photos of fire stations that is very interesting and it really helped us to design more functional and competitive fire station, since we’re going to design a first class fire station. After that, he showed to us where the different fire stations are divided throughout the entire city. He showed us a huge map and explained it very well. He taught us where each fire stations should be in a city. After that we had a film showing about actual fire fighting and on how the different fire fighting equipment are used in actual emergency fire cases. It also showed there the different modern equipment and tools used by the fire fighters. After the interview, we requested to have a picture taking with the fire marshal and he openly accepted. But the learning doesn’t stop there. We asked the fire marshal if we can see the actual area where the fire fighters stay and do in cases of fire emergencies. He assigned one of his officers to escort us in the field. He showed us the rooms where the fire fighters spend their time, sleep, etc. He also showed us the poles where the fire fighters easily go through. After going to Makati City Central Fire Station, we proceeded to Intramuros Fire Station. The fire station at Intamuros is a little smaller compared to Makati. When we arrived at Intramuros, we couldn’t resist the beauty of the place and its historical ambiance so we took a little time to cherish and take pictures. When we arrived at the fire station of Intramuros, we took pictures of the space area and apparatus bay. It seems to have three slots for the openings of the fire trucks and vehicles. It also seems that the area was a little crowded in the exit way of the trucks, so we had an idea about designing proper exit ways to use without being crowded. When we entered the fire station, an officer is at the reception area and we asked permission to take pictures and to analyse the area. No fire marshal was available at that time we arrived, so we asked for an  interview with the higher position that was available and the Senior Fire Officer IV was the one who assisted us and fulfilled our interview. He is SFO-IV Oscar Bugarin. As what we have done at Makati, we also first did measuring of the entrance/exit way of apparatus bay, fire trucks and poles. After that, we started with the interview with Senior Fire Officer IV Oscar Bugarin. We asked the common questions just like what we asked with the other fire stations, and almost the same answer was given to us. But in this fire station, we were given different examples and experiences that the Makati City Central Fire Station wasn’t able to taught us. The Senior Fire Officer IV personally demonstrated to us how the fire fighting outfit is prepared and easily worn by the fire fighters in case of emergencies. He explained and shown us how to tuck in together all of the outfit, the suit with the boots. He took the actual outfits and demonstrated to us one by one. It was really fun and amazing that it was so easy to wear. But the fun didn’t ended there, we were offered to wear the actual gears ourselves! Who wouldn’t wear that awesome outfit? So there we are, wearing the outfits very happy and sophisticated. After all of the interviews and demonstrations, we had our little goodbyes and thank you and went out to proceed and go on to the next fire station, but we still can’t resist the beauty of Intramuros so we took a little more time to take pictures on our way to the next fire station which is located at San Lazaro City. It didn’t took time to go to San Lazaro City which we we’re only at Intramuros which is not that far. We arrived at San Lazaro City for about 30—40 minutes. As we arrived t San Lazaro City Fire Station, we took pictures of the fassad, as usual. San Lazaro Fire Staton seems to be the same amount of space area with Intramuros, so Makati City Central Fire Station seems to have the biggest or widest space area among the three fire stations we went to. As usual, we did some measuring with the space area of the fire station, the apparatus bay entrance/exit which seems to have only 2 slots in San Lazaro City Fire Station. We also did measured the fire trucks and other vehicles. But what really amazed us in San Lazaro City Fire Station is the historical fire trucks that were displayed in there. It was so amazing and mesmerizing to think that the fire trucks before were very open with old vehicle parts, so we didn’t miss a chance to take pictures with them. After that, we proceed to have an interview with the highest officer available at the time, and it was Senior Fire Officer IV Manolito Laroza. This interview took the most time compared with the other two interviews we did because a lot of facts and requirements was given to us by SFO IV Manolita Laroza. He gave us the spaces we can add in a first class fire station such as bigger training grounds, helicopters, recreational areas, and so on. A lot of facts were given to us, also the standard personnel required in a fire station, office areas such as the duputy’s, sub station commander, radio division operator, etc. they also showed us the fire preventive man size tarpaulin that they will implement around their city. Senior Fire Officer IV Manolito Laroza was very kind and open to us. After this interview, we had our goodbyes and thank you with him and his officers and went out to go home because it was already a little late and dark outside. PART II: RESEARCH STUDY Chapter 1: Introduction A. Background of the Problem Historical Fire fighting was implemented long time ago during our roman and greek era. The history of fire fighting began in ancient Rome while under the role of Agustus. Prior to that, there is evidence of fire-fighting machinery in used in Ancient Egypt, including a water pump invented by Ctesibius of Alexandria in the third century BC which was later improved upon in a design by Hero Of Alexandria in the first century BC. The first Roman fire brigade of which we have any substantial history was created by Marcus Licinius Crassus. Marcus Licinius Crassus was born into a wealthy Roman family around the year 115 BC, and acquired an enormous fortune through (in the words of Plutarch) â€Å"fire and rapine.† One of his most lucrative schemes took advantage of the fact that Rome had no fire department. Crassus filled this void by creating his own brigade—500 men strong—which rushed to burning buildings at the first cry of alarm. Upon arriving at the scene, however, the fire fi ghters did nothing while their employer bargained over the price of their services with the distressed property owner. If Crassus could not negotiate a satisfactory price, his men simply let the structure burn to the ground, after which he offered to purchase it for a fraction of its value. Augustus took the basic idea from Crassus and then built on it to form the Vigiles in AD 6 to combat fires using bucket brigades and pumps, as well as poles, hooks and even ballistae to tear down buildings in advance of the flames. The Vigiles patrolled the streets of Rome to watch for fires and served as a police force. The later brigades consisted of hundreds of men, all ready for action. When there was a fire, the men would line up to the nearest water source and pass buckets hand in hand to the fire. Rome suffered a number of serious fires, most notably the fire on 19 July AD 64 and eventually destroyed two thirds of Rome. In Europe, fire fighting was quite rudimentary until the 17th century. In 1254, a royal decree of King Saint Louis of France created the so-called guet bourgeois (â€Å"burg ess watch†), allowing the residents of Paris to establish their own night watches, separate from the king’s night watches, to prevent and stop crimes and fires. After the Hundred Years’ War, the population of Paris expanded again, and the city, much larger than any other city in Europe at the time, was the scene of several great fires in the 16th century. As a consequence, King Charles IX disbanded the residents’ night watches and left the king’s watches as the only one responsible for checking crimes and fires. London suffered great fires in 798, 982, 989, 1212 and above all in 1666 (Great Fire of London). The Great Fire of 1666 started in a baker’s shop on Pudding Lane, consumed about two square miles (5 km ²) of the city, leaving tens of thousands homeless. Prior to this fire, London had no organized fire protection system. Afterwards, insurance companies formed private fire brigades to protect their clients’ property. Insurance b rigades would only fight fires at buildings the company insured. These buildings were identified by fire insurance marks. The key breakthrough in fire fighting arrived in the 17th century with the first fire engines. Manual pumps, rediscovered in Europe after 1500 (allegedly used in Augsburg in 1518 and in Nuremberg in 1657), were only force pumps and had a very short range due to the lack of hoses. German inventor Hans Hautsch improved the manual pump by creating the first suction and force pump and adding some flexible hoses to the pump. In 1672, Dutch artist, and inventor Jan Van der Heyden’s workshop developed the fire hose. Constructed of flexible leather and coupled every 50 feet (15 m) with brass fittings. The length remains the standard to this day in mainland Europe whilst in the UK the standard length is either 23m or 25m. The fire engine was further developed by the Dutch inventor, merchant and manufacturer, John Lofting (1659–1742) who had worked with Jan Van der Heyden in Amsterdam. Lofting moved to London in or about 1688, became an English citizen and patented (patent number 263/1690) the â€Å"Sucking Worm Engine† in 1690. There was a glowing description of the fire fighting ability of his device in The London Gazette of 17 March 1691, after the issue of the patent. The British Museum has a print showing Lofting’s fire engine at work in London, the engine being pumped by a team of men. In the print three fire plaques of early insurance companies are shown, no doubt indicating that Lofting collaborated with them in fire fighting. A later version of what is b elieved to be one of his fire engines has been lovingly restored by a retired fire fighter, and is on show in Marlow Buckinghamshire where John Lofting moved in 1700. Patents only lasted for fourteen years and so the field was open for his competitors after 1704. In 1631 Boston’s governor John Winthrop outlawed wooden chimneys and thatched roofs. In 1648, the New Amsterdam governor Peter Stuyvesant appointed four men to act as fire wardens. They were empowered to inspect all chimneys and to fine any violators of the rules. The city burghers later appointed eight prominent citizens to the â€Å"Rattle Watch† – these men volunteered to patrol the streets at night carrying large wooden rattles If a fire was seen, the men spun the rattles, then directed the responding citizens to form bucket brigades. On January 27, 1678 the first fire engine company went into service with its captain (foreman) Thomas Atkins. In 1736 Benjamin Franklin established the Union Fire Comp any in Philadelphia. George Washington was a volunteer fire fighter in Alexandria, Virginia. In 1774, as a member of the Friendship Veterans Fire Engine Company, he bought a new fire engine and gave it to the town, which was its very first. However the United States did not have government-run fire departments until around the time of the American Civil War. Prior to this time, private fire brigades compete with one another to be the first to respond to a fire because insurance companies paid brigades to save buildings. Underwriters also employed their own Salvage Corpsin some cities. The first known female fire fighter Molly Williams took her place with the men on the dragropes during the blizzard of 1818 and pulled the pumper to the fire through the deep snow. On April 1st of 1853 Cincinnati OH became the first professional fire department by being made up of 100% full-time, paid employees. In 2010, 70 percent of fire fighters in the United States were volunteer. Only 5% of calls were actual fires. 65% were medical aid. 8% were false alarms. The first fire brigades in the modern sense were created in France in the early 18th century. In 1699, a man with bold commercial ideas, Franà §ois du Mouriez du Pà ©rier (grandfather of French Revolution’s general Charles Franà §ois Dumouriez), solicited an audience with King Louis XIV. Greatly interested in Jan Van der Heyden’s invention, he successfully demonstrated the new pumps and managed to convince the king to grant him the monopoly of making and selling â€Å"fire-preventing portable pumps† throughout the kingdom of France. Franà §ois du Mouriez du Pà ©rier offered 12 pumps to the City of Paris, and the first Paris Fire Brigade, known as the Compagnie des gardes-pompes (literally the â€Å"Company of Pump Guards†), was created in 1716. Franà §ois du Mouriez du Pà ©rier was appointed direct eur des pompes de la Ville de Paris (â€Å"director of the City of Paris’s pumps†), i.e. chief of the Paris Fire Brigade, and the position stayed in his family until 1760. In the following years, other fire brigades were created in the large French cities. It is around that time that appeared the current French word pompier (â€Å"fire fighter†), whose literal meaning is â€Å"pumper†. On March 11, 1733 the French government decided that the interventions of the fire brigades would be free of charge. This was decided because people always waited until the last moment to call the fire brigades to avoid paying the fee, and it was often too late to stop fires. From 1750 on, the French fire brigades became para-military units and received uniforms. In 1756 the use of a protective helmet for fire fighters was recommended by King Louis XV, but it took many more years before the measure was actually enforced on the ground. In North America, Jamestown, Virginia w as virtually destroyed in a fire in January, 1608. There were no full-time paid fire fighters in America until 1850. Even after the formation of paid fire companies in the United States, there were disagreements and often fights over territory. New York City companies were famous for sending runners out to fires with a large barrel to cover the hydrant closest to the fire in advance of the engines. Often fights would break out between the runners and even the responding fire companies for the right to fight the fire and receive the insurance money that would be paid to the company that fought it. Interestingly, during the 19th century and early 20th century volunteer fire companies served not only as fire protection but as political machines. The most famous volunteer fire fighter politician is Boss Tweed, head of the notorious Tammany Hall political machine, who got his start in politics as a member of the Americus Engine Company Number 6 (â€Å"The Big Six†) in New York City. Napoleon Bonaparte, drawing from the century-old experience of the gardes-pompes, is generally attributed as creating the first â€Å"professional† fire fighters, known as Sapeurs-Pompiers (â€Å"Sappers-Fire fighters†), from the French Army. Created under the Commandant of Engineers in 1810, the company was o rganized after a fire at the ballroom in the Austrian Embassy in Paris which injured several dignitaries. In the UK, the Great Fire of London in 1666 set in motion changes which laid the foundations for organised fire fighting in the future. In the wake of the Great Fire, the City Council established the first fire insurance company, â€Å"The Fire Office†, in 1667, which employed small teams of Thames watermen as fire fighters and provided them with uniforms and arm badges showing the company to which they belonged. However, the first organised municipal fire brigade in the world was established in Edinburgh, Scotland, when the Edinburgh Fire Engine Establishment was formed in 1824, led by James Braidwood. London followed in 1832 with the London Fire Engine Establishment. On April 1, 1853, the Cincinnati Fire Department became the first full-time paid professional fire department in the United States, and the first in the world to use steam fire engines. The first horse-draw n steam engine for fighting fires was invented in 1829, but not accepted in structural fire fighting until 1860, and ignored for another two years afterwards. Internal combustion engine fire engines arrived in 1907, built in the United States, leading to the decline and disappearance of steam engines by 1925. Today, fire and rescue remains a mix of full-time paid, paid-on-call, and volunteer responders. Many but not all urban areas are served by large, paid, fire fighting teams. Etymological Fire From Middle English fier, from Old English fÈ ³r (â€Å"fire†), from *fuà ¯r, a regularised form of Proto-Germanic *fÃ… r (â€Å"fire†) (compare Saterland Frisian Fjuur, West Frisian fjoer, Dutch vuur, Low German Fà ¼r, German Feuer, Danish fyr), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pà ©hâ‚‚ur (compare Hittite (paá ¸ «Ã¡ ¸ «ur), Umbrian pir, Tocharian A/B por/puwar, Czech pÈ ³Ã…â„¢ (â€Å"hot ashes†), Ancient Greek Ï€á ¿ ¦Ã  (pÃ… ·r, â€Å"fire†), Armenian Õ °Ã• ¸Ã–‚Ö€ (hur, â€Å"fire†)) and perhaps Albanian prush (â€Å"embers†). This was an inanimate noun whose animate counterpart was Proto-Indo-European *hâ‚ ngÊ ·nis, *hâ‚ ngÊ ·ni-. Old English fyr, from Proto-Germanic *fuir (cf. Old Saxon and Old Frisian fiur, Old Norse fà ¼rr, Middle Dutch and Dutch vuur, Old High German fiur, German Feuer), from PIE*perjos, from root *paewr- (cf. Armenian hur â€Å"fire, torch,† Czech pyr â€Å"hot ashes,† Greek pyr, Umbrian pir, Sanskrit pu, Hittite pahhur â€Å"fire†). Current spelling is attested as early as 1200, but did not fully displace Middle English fier (preserved in fiery) until c.1600. PIE apparently had two roots for fire: *paewr- and *egni- (cf. Latin ignis). The former was â€Å"inanimate,† referring to fire as a substance, and the latter was â€Å"animate,† referring to it as a living force (see water). Fire applied in English to passions, feelings, from mid-14c. Meaning â€Å"action of guns, etc.† is from 1580s. Firecracker is American English coinage for what is in England just cracker, but the U.S. word distinguishes it from the word meaning â€Å"biscuit.† Fire-engine attested from 1680s. The figurative expression play with fire â€Å"risk disaster† is from 1887; phrasewhere’s the fire? â€Å"what’s the hurry?† first recorded 1924. Station late 13c., â€Å"place which one normally occupies,† from Old French station, from Latin stationem (nominative statio) â€Å"a standing, post, job, position,† related to stare â€Å"to stand,† from PIE root *sta- â€Å"to stand† (see stet). The meaning â€Å"place for a special purpose† (e.g. polling station) is first recorded 1823; radio station is from 1912. The meaning â€Å"regular stopping place† is first recorded 1797, in reference to coach routes; applied to railroads 1830. Meaning â€Å"each of a number of holy places visited in succession by pilgrims† is from late 14c., hence Station of the Cross(1550s). Station wagon in the automobile sense is first recorded 1929, from earlier use for a horse-drawn conveyance that took passengers to and from railroad stations (1894). Station house â€Å"police station† is attested from 1836. B. Statement of the Study The following study aims to answer these questions: 1. What design, materials and ideas contains in a first class fire station? 2. Why does first class fire stations are implemented and preferred nowadays? 3. What to expect in a first class fire station? C. Significance of the Study The following would benefit from this study: This study aims to know what design, materials and ideas contains in a first class fire station, why does first class fire stations are implemented and preferred nowadays and what to expect in a first class fire station. This study would be really helpful in terms of guidelines in constructing and designing first class fire stations. To those who are planning to construct or to design a first class fire stations to know what to implement and to use, to have a smart space planning or programming and to have a satisfying way of life for their fire fighters and company. To the government, for which this study will serve as a great guidelines in designing and constructing a first class fire station for their country or city, having many facts and ideas in this study. D. Definition of Terms The following terms have been defined operationally for the understanding of this research. 1. First Class – Constituting or belonging to the highest or best class or quality, best-equipped and most expensive. 2. Fire Station – a building where fire-fighting vehicles and equipment are stationed and where fire fighters on duty wait Also called as firehouse station house. 3. Municipality – a city, town, or district enjoying some degree of local self-government. 4. Fire Fighters – a member of a fire department who tries to extinguish fires. 5. Fire Trucks – any of various large trucks that carry firemen and equipment to the site of a fire. 6. Apparatus Bay – is primarily the parking space of the fire trucks and vehicles in a fire station. 7. Sliding Poles – also known as fireman’s pole is a wooden pole or a metal tube or pipe installed between floors in fire stations, allowing fire fighters responding to an alarm to quickly descend to the ground floor faster than by using a standard staircase. E. Conceptual Framework of t he Problem The conceptual diagram shows and explain the following factors affecting the implementation of first class fire stations and its results brought out by the following factors. When first class fire stations are implemented and constructed, better services will be offered by the fire fighters because of their better equipment and things to use in a fire emergencies. Also, a better way of life for them because their fire station is transformed into a habitable space to stay in for a long period of time, having that comfort of home and more spaces for training grounds, recreational areas for entertainment, better dormitories, etc. With all of these factors, the impact will be positively great for our society, having more inspired and dedicated fire fighters and their team to give better services and thus will make our society a safer and a better place. This design guide provides the basic criteria to evaluate, plan, program. and design standardized Air Force fire station facilities for the United States Air Force. This information is intended to make wing commanders, base civil engineers, fire chiefs, and designers aware of the unique functional design requirements for the facilities, and to provide a basis for developing main and satellite fire station projects. The upgrade and renovation of existing fire stations and the proper planning., programming, and design of new facilities will ensure the safety of all personnel and support our vision: â€Å"To Defend the United States Through Control and Exploitation of Air and Space. The number and location of fire stations must be reevaluated periodically, but at least annually, as a community’s structures and population change. The number of stations a department should have depends, like everything else, on a balance between the costs of the stations and their maintenance, on the one hand, and the need for more stations, on the other. If a station is located near the high-response section of a community (such as a heavily populated area of multiple-occupancy or wood-frame structures) that location will probably be appropriate. Station relocation is necessary over time if the types of hazards and the locations of most fires move to a significant distance from the station. This is an impor tant consideration for selecting a new site for a fire station. If a department finds that relocation or construction of a new fire station is necessary, the three issues to consider are location, station design, and funding. Location: The location of a station in a community directly affects the total response time needed to combat fires effectively. For example, although a fire station is centrally located in a community, the majority of the responses might be at substantial distances from the station. Therefore, an evaluation of the time from receipt of an alarm to the arrival at a fire plays an important part in determining the need for relocating a fire station. The total time is the sum of the time it takes to complete each of the following five fire-fighting processes: 1. Detection: The time it takes to detect a fire. Automatic fire detection systems, such as smoke and heat detectors, give early warnings of fire and save considerable response time. Some detectors are connecte d directly to a fire station through a central station signaling system, whereas others sound only in the building in which there is a danger. In the latter case, detection time depends on human response and then on the number of people who are in the vicinity of the fire, how rapidly they respond, and the time of day. 2. Alarm: The time that elapses between detection of the fire and transmission of the alarm to the fire station. It depends on the availability of alarm boxes, directly connected alarms, telephones, the extent of automation, reliability, and the speed of transmission. 3. Dispatch: The time required to alert responding companies. If information is recorded automatically and if dispatchers have the most modern communication equipment, the time needed for dispatch is minimal. 4. Turnout: The speed with which personnel—paid, off-duty, and volunteers—can report for duty. Turnout depends on the location of the personnel at the time of the alarm, whether at the station, at work, or in their homes. 5. Response time: The travel time for the apparatus and on-duty personnel from the station to the fire. It depends on the distance from the station to the emergency and on the topographic, traffic, and weather conditions. When traffic is particularly heavy, the police department might be needed to aid in traveling to the fire and in beginning evacuation. Each of these issues must be consciously considered as you work towards a decision on how and where to build a new fire station. I will have more on this critical topic in an upcoming post. F. Theoretical Framework of the Problem When a fire occurs, the fire fighting services implemented by a fire department is one of the most important aids for the fire victims. So that is why we need the outmost services offered by the fire fighters, marshals and officers. This means that we cannot change the fact that when it comes to fire emergencies, the fire fighters and officers are the ones who will help us the most, so we need their services. The services that they offer us can be a lot better with this implementation of first class fire station for the reasons, they having more modern and better equipment to use in fire emergencies, more advanced vehicles and gadgets. They also have better experience and alertness when it comes to this kind of circumstances because of the better training grounds in their very own first class fire stations. Not only the services of our fire fighters and fire marshals are upgraded, also their way of living. The environment of a first class fire station captures the aura of their own homes, having the comfort and safety because of well planned space programming, modern materials used in the construction and breath taking designs. The economy, competition and a changing business environment require companies to diversify, change their business plans and adapt. Television networks change their programming to compete with each other, cable channels and the internet for decreasing market share. The fire service has evolved far past having fire buckets outside each home to concepts never before envisioned. Boston Fire Chief John Damrell helped drive this evolution in 1866 when he warned about the dangers of fire, the lack of compatible fire hydrants, water supply issues and the need for building and fire codes. Phoenix Fire Chief Alan Brunacini did it with fire command and customer service. Fire departments have done it with regulations requiring smoke detectors, carbon-monoxide detectors and commercial and residential sprinklers. Many concepts have come from need as the traditional fire suppression department has evolved into the more-accurate emergency services. Other concepts have been forced upon us: lightweig ht construction, weapons of mass destruction and active-shooter incidents. New concepts and practices in the fire service have come about from the economic need to offset budget cuts while maintaining levels of service. These include alternate revenue sources from private-public partnerships such as Adopt-A-Fire Station programs, interfacility transports, even ads on fire apparatus. The fire department’s jurisdiction is organized by the governmental body that controls the department, although there are private fire departments as well. This comes from a municipality, county, prefecture, state, province, or nation type of government. The most common type of government control is at the municipality level. The jurisdiction size and organization would be set up by department or the government in charge of these duties. This deals with the placement of fire stations, equipment, and personnel within the area of control. Fire departments periodically survey their jurisdiction areas and use the data for redeploying proper coverage. This data comes from travel time, range from station, and/or a population survey. This brings equal service to the entire community and gives the department efficient places to launch operations. Some fire departments such as the Statue Of Liberty Fire Brigade which covers Liberty Island and Ellis Islands respond to medical emergencies and provide care until advanced personnel can take over. In the United States, firefighters may get their First Responder Certification, Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) License, or Paramedic License. Some fire departments even offer ambulance services. A fire department may also provide â€Å"fire protection† or fire prevention services, whereby firefighters visit homes and give fire safety advice and fit smoke alarms for members of the public. In many countries fire protection or prevention is seen as an important role for the fire service, as preventing a fire from occurring in the first place can obviously save lives. Chapter 2: Discussion and Analysis A. Local Related Study on: Metro Manila – Oldtimers of Makati’s Fire Station Do you like oldtimers or have a kid that is crazy about fire trucks? Then you should pay the Makati Central Fire Station a visit. The fire station possesses a collection of older but beautiful and seemingly well-maintained vehicles from past decades. The fire station is not secluded from the street and passer-by can have a close look at the ambulance and deep-red fire engines. As elsewhere in the Philippines, the municipal budget does not often seem to allow the purchase of expansive state-of-the-art rescue equipment. Concerns were already raised that the fire brigades in Metro Manila are not really prepared for fighting fires in the ever-growing condominiums throughout the megacity. However, the local government of Makati recently agreed to buy more search and rescue equipment and disaster preparedness tools, among them a chemical fire truck with foam. Three people were hurt when two fires broke out in Makati City Thursday morning, one near the Makati Medical Center, authorities sai d. The city’s fire department said the first fire started at around 10 a.m. in a slum colony at the corner of Ayala and Gil Puyat avenues in Barangay Pio Del Pilar, about 30 steps away from the MMC’s emergency department on Amorsolo Street. Makati Mayor Jejomar Erwin Binay Jr. said the fire was put under control at 11:30 a.m. after reaching the general alarm, which required the assistance of all available fire fighting units in Metro Manila. Binay said the fire officials refrained from ordering the evacuation of the hospital as the blaze was quickly contained by responding firefighters. Some firefighters, on the other hand, were seen spraying water on MMC’s faà §ade to prevent it from being set ablaze in case the wind blows the fire towards it. About 300 families who lost their homes blocked Urban Avenue and Dela Rosa Streets with whatever meager belongings they managed to save, causing gridlock. Each displaced family will receive P15,000 in assistance and P5,000 for renters, according to Binay. Prior to the inception of 117, emergency services were reached through a myriad of telephone numbers. The fire department in Manila, for example, had fifty telephone numbers, one for every fire station in the city.[2] At the time, 117 was solely used in the Metro Manila area by the Philippine National Police for the reporting of ongoing crimes as part of a program called the â€Å"Patrol 117 Street Patrol Program† in cooperation with the Foundation for Crime Prevention.[1] Efforts to expand the capabilities of 117 began in the 1990s, starting with the addition of e mergency medical services to the scope of 117 in Metro Manila through a private-sector initiative called Project EARnet (Emergency Assistance and Response network). Government involvement in the expansion of 117’s scope began in late 1998, when the DILG announced the formation of Emergency Network Philippines, a project that sought to support a national emergency telephone number in order to enable the faster delivery of emergency services to the Filipino people. On August 8, 2001, a memorandum of agreement was signed between the DILG and Frequentis, an Austrian company specializing in communications and information solutions in safety-critical environments, on the implementation of the ENP project.[4] The National Economic and Development Authority approved the project later in the year, and project funding was secured with a loan agreement being signed between the Philippine and Austrian governments on December 6. By virtue of Executive Order No. 226, 117 became the officia l national emergency telephone number of the Philippines on July 14, 2003. The P1.4 billion project was completed on August 2, 2003, with the opening of a new 117 call center in Quezon City, serving the entire Metro Manila area. Four more 117 call centers were opened in 2006, and the full 117 network, consisting of sixteen networked call centers, was rolled out in 2007. http://manilastandardtoday.com/2013/07/12/two-fires-hit-makati/ B. Foreign Related Study on: New fire station in Andersonville, community effort The Andersonville Volunteer Fire Department celebrated a long-awaited new addition this afternoon. The department celebrated the opening of its third fire station, located in the Belmont community. The new station is located at the site of the former Belmont School, which was destroyed by fire in the 1960’s. The fire station only cost about $22 dollars a square foot, instead of $80, for a total cost of about $110-thousand dollars. Some of the materials were donated and most of the construction was done by volunteers who once attended the former school. â€Å"There’s no way to put a cost on what they mean to us. The four men particularly that worked and worked tirelessly, day in and day out, Sunday afternoons, Saturday’s late. There’s no way to put a figure on it,† said Chief Jeff Bagwell. The station includes a community room and community picnic area. Firefighters will live at the station for free and be available to answer calls at night to help reduce response time. Andersonville residents who worked on the latest fire station will share their efforts with the public Tuesday at 4:00 p.m. According to a press release, the Belmont Fire Station will help make fighting fires in the community more efficient and serve as a public gathering place. In addition, the fire station’s contruction and design provides the neighborhood with a link to the past. The fire department expects to respond to fire calls in the area more quickly since firefighters will live at the station for no charge. The fire station serves more purposes than housing the fire department. Community groups can meet and hold picnics there. In addition to being more than a fire station, the facility has a legacy. It is on the site of a former school which burned down in the 1960’s. Former Belmont School students who are now retired helped build the new fire hall. Volunteers also lent a hand designing the exterior of the firestation fashioning the cupola after one at the old school. Building material contributions and volunteer labor helped to keep the cost of the project down. The grand opening will start at 4:00 p.m. Tours will be offered. A ribbon cutting will take place at 6:00 p.m. The station is on the corner of Park Road and Sequoyah Road in Andersonville. The fire department expects to respond to fire calls in the area more quickly since firefighters will live at the station for no charge. The fire station serves more purposes than housing the fire department. Community groups can meet and hold picnics there. In addition to being more than a fire station, the facility has a legacy. It is on the site of a former school which burned down in the 1960’s. Former Belmont School students who are now retired helped build the new fire hall. Volunteers also lent a hand designing the exterior of the firestation fashioning the cupola after one at the old school. According to a press release, the Belmont Fire Station will help make fighting fires in the community more efficient and serve as a public gathering place. In addition, the fire station’s contruction and design provides the neighborhood with a link to the past. The fire department expects to respond to fire calls in the area more quickly since firefighters will live at the station for no charge. The fire station serves more purposes than housing the fire department. Community groups can meet and hold picnics there. The department celebrated the opening of its third fire station, located in the Belmont community. The new station is located at the site of the former Belmont School, which was destroyed by fire in the 1960’s. The Andersonville Volunteer Fire Department celebrated a long-awaited new addition this afternoon. The station includes a community room and community picnic area. Firefighters will live at the station for free and be available to answer calls at night to help reduce response time. http://www.wbir .com/news/article/286122/2/Andersonville-to-open-3rd-fire-station- Chapter 3: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations A. Summary We all know that a fire station is a structure with areas set aside for storage of fire fighting apparatus such as fire engines and related vehicles, personal protective equipment, fire hoses and other specialized equipment. It may also have dormitory living facilities and work areas for the use of fire fighters. Living areas are sometimes arranged above the garage bays where personnel without specific station duties during the night shift are allowed to sleep unless a dispatch is called. In that situation, fire fighters may have special means to allow entry to the ground floor quickly when a call for help is received, such as sliding down a brass pole called a fireman’s pole. This arrangement also allows for a raised area to hang hoses to dry to prevent damage. In a single story station, a tower-like structure is sometimes used for hose hanging. An occupied station will usually have a station alarm system for receiving and annunciating an alarm, and indications of where and what caused the alarm. However, sometimes the only â€Å"alarm† is a telephone that is rung in case of emergency. In a more structured operation, full-time or on-call volunteer or career fire fighters staff the station some or all of the time. There may be office space for the officers, a library of reference and other materials, and a â€Å"trophy wall† or case where the fire fighters display memorabilia. Activities in a fire station include regular inspection and cleaning of the apparatus and equipment, and continuing education in the fire service. Weekly or bi-weekly routine typically includes various drills in which fire fighters practice their skills. Some fire companies also host public activities at the fire station during annual â€Å"fire prevention week† In our case, we will be designing a first class fire station which means, this fire station will contain all of the necessary equipment and apparatus. Also, it will contain all of the necessary and additional space areas such as recreational area, different offices, living, dining and kitchen areas, library, training area, etc. We are planning to design a fire station that has modern aesthetics that will give a positive impression to us as the designers. Good function of our space program is also what we’re striving, for which this is a fire station, and it needs great planning of spaces mostly in case of emergencies and easy access of the fire trucks to the outside. We are really striving to design an image that would automatically determine that our structure is considered as first class. We will implement in our design the usage of glass which implies modern era and it will help the staff inside the building to be aware on their surroundings outside. B. Conclusions Based on the findings, the following conclusions have been drawn: 1. In answer to question number 1: What design, materials and ideas contains in a first class fire station? The researchers found out that in a first class fire station, designs of modernism such as the usage of glass, metallic silver borders and bright glossy colors are used. Ideas of minimalism is always applied in modern first class fire stations, vast spaces is implied for better circulation and comfortable aura. Materials like glossy marble, picture glass window, etc. are used. The idea of having wide apparatus bay and more offices is implied in a first class fire station, having complete space areas and additional ones to. More dormitories and spaces for fire fighters, having a sense of home comfort during their stay in the fire station. 2. In answer to question number 2: Why does first class fire stations are implemented and preferred nowadays? The researchers found out that first class fire stations are implemented and preferred in a lot of ways because primarily, first class fire stations have it all. The flexibility and functionality of a first class fire station when it comes to the services being offered by our fire fighters and officers are more upgraded because of modern technologies and design ideas used in a first class fire station. The needs and wants of the fire fighters and officers are met in a first class fire station. With this kind of environment, they are more eager to take and do their jobs more motivated because they are being paid off by the beauty and home comfort of their fire stations. 3. In answer to question number 3: What to expect in a first class fire station? Well obviously, you will expect in any first class structures, buildings, etc. the quality of the materials and designs used. In a first class fire station, it is expect that the materials and equipments used are top of the line, the designs are great and the way the space are programmed is outstanding. You will also expect in a first class fire station the aesthetics or beauty of the structure, the modernism of its design. First class fire stations have it all. The equipments and facilities are expected to be compete. The offices for different officers are divided in such for their own work to be accomplished. Modern tools and apparatus are used, clothings and gears of fire fighters are complete, training grounds and recreational areas are found. C. Recommendations Authoritative The following recommendations were made by the researchers after analysing the beneficiaries of this particular study. These are follows: 1. To those who are planning to construct or to design a first class fire stations to know what to implement and to use, to have a smart space planning or programming and to have a satisfying way of life for their fire fighters and company. 2. To the government, for which this study will serve as a great guidelines in designing and constructing a first class fire station for their country or city, having many facts and ideas in this study. 3. To those concerned citizens who are curious enough to think of a first class fire station implementation for the betterment of our society in the field of fire emergency cases. 4. To future researchers that would make a further study of this kind, it is recommended for them to absorb this study for them to have more knowledge and facts on what will they expand on their chosen research study topic. Researcher’s Recommendations 1. As what is stated above, it is really advisable to recommend this research study to those who are planning to construct or to design a first class fire stations to know what to implement and to use, to have a smart space planning or programming and to have a satisfying way of life for their fire fighters and company staff. This study would really help them throughout their thinking of what is needed in a first class fire station. This study will give a lot of bright ideas and will totally benefit from their design. -Ron Adrian P. Cruz 2. This is recommended to those individuals with plans to construct a first class fire station for which this study contains a lot of facts and details on what to use and to put in a first class fire station. This study will make their ideas more broad and flexible, they will know where to start and to put additional details that they unfortunately didn’t saw on this research study. -Patrica Marie B. Dayao PART III: REFERENCES The researchers would like to thank all of the persons and websites that openly expanded and broadened our research, their help contributes a lot in our case study research. Websites/Articles: http://www.google.com.ph/ http://manilastandardtoday.com/2013/07/12/two-fires-hit-makati/ http://www.wbir.com/news/article/286122/2/Andersonville-to-open-3rd-fire-stati on- http://megacities-go-services.com/layout/set/print/Manila/Latest-News-Articles http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/f/fires_and_firefighters/index.html http://www.fireengineering.com/articles/2013/08/wrightstyle-looks-back-from-curfew-to-modern-us-fire-safety.html http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/fire-department http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Fire_Protection http://www.quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=69&Itemid=366 http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2007/R1813part3.pdf http://www.isomitigation.com/ppc/fire-station.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_department http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=fire&searchmode=none http://www.finedictionary.com/fire%20station.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Fire_Department http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Fire_Department http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/ http://www.peoriagov.org/fire-department/ http://www.firestations.org.uk/Station_Details.php?stn=Woodford%20fire%20station&lat=51.609343&lon=0.024014 http://www.hantsfire.gov.uk/stationdetail.htm?stcode=01&stname=basingstoke http://www.hantsfire.gov.uk/stationdetail.htm?stcode=29&stname=petersfield http://fireservices.ap.gov.in/ http://www.nelsonmandelabay.gov.za/Content.aspx?objID=218 http://710keel.com/more-details-surface-about-the-scandal-in-the-shreveport-fire-department/ http://www.mfb.vic.gov.au/Contact-Us/MFB-details.html http://www.mfb.vic.gov.au/About-Us/Stations-and-Districts/Station-No-27.html Persons/Establishments: The graduate library of Far Eastern University for allowing them to use their materials and resources such as books and thesis projects The electronic library of Far Eastern University for allowing them to use their books and computers Makati City Central Fire station for letting the researchers do an ocular inspection, interviews and provide demonstrations for broader knowledge about this case study research topic To Supt. Ricardo C. Perdigon for providing wide range of answers to our questions and additional facts for more understanding and knowledge about this case study research topic

People who contribute to social security should have the right to Essay

People who contribute to social security should have the right to choose how their money is invested - Essay Example Neither is social security a financially secure program as the office itself has a problem collating funds in order to fund itself. The program is basically bankrupt. Knowing that social security is in dire straights due to the U.S. economy, one cannot help but wonder, maybe the system will be better off if it is privatized and the members are given the opportunity to invest the money they contribute to the system themselves? With the annual return of social security contributions pegged at about 1.2. % this means that is has the lowest ROI prediction of all the retirement investments of an individual. The expected ROI from the stock market averages 6.34 %. As such, if a social security account is converted into a private account, the FICA taxes could give a maximum return on the investment upon the retirement of the member. The social security system would then actually be in a position to help supplement the retirees income in a significant manner. (â€Å"Should Social Security be Privatized?†). ... y accounts were privatized by allowing individuals to have their own private accounts, the member will be able to maximize the full potential of his membership with the system. Keep in mind that when the Social Security Act was set into place by congress back in 1935, Pres. Franklin Roosevelt signed a document that merely stated that the program would provide old-age benefits for its members. This was amended in 1956 to include disability benefits for its members (Agresti James, & Cordone Stephen â€Å"Social Security Facts†). The structure by which the program is created shows that the system is not in the control of the members, but rather in the hands of politicians who have the ability to format and reformat the program as they deem fit. To be clear (Tamny, John, â€Å"The Ugly Truth About Social Security is Revealed†): ... the money we pay into Social Security is not ours, meaning politicians can reduce or confiscate the dollars withheld from our paychecks as they see fit. They can also reduce our retirement by simply raising the retirement age. And then as evidenced by the collapse of the dollar since 2001 (a dollar in ’01 bought 1/250th of an ounce of gold, today it buys 1/1600th), another way they can eviscerate their obligations is to debase the dollars they are presumed to owe. Our politicians are not currently in the position to invest our hard earned dollars in any system that is meant to help alleviate the lives of the people. It was too much governance in the financial aspect of individual lives that brought us to this point in this first place. The government has shown us that they cannot even work together to put together a cohesive budget for our country, how can we trust them to develop a cohesive investment plan for the future and current retirees of